Syria's building codes, including the Syrian Arab Code for seismic design, are dated and, far more fatally, unenforced, and the 2023 earthquakes showed what that gap costs. A comparison with Jordan, Israel, the UAE, Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Italy and the UK shows the fix is institutional: an independent code authority, regular updates and real enforcement, not better paper.
How Shared Leadership Can Rebuild Syria The tragic sinking of the cargo ship El Faro in 2015 offers a powerful warning. This disaster, caused by rigid top-down leadership, extends far beyond the maritime world. In his book “Leadership is Language,” David Marquet uses this incident to show how well-meaning leaders, if they stick to traditional
This research presents a simplified analysis method aimed at reducing energy demand in Syrian residential buildings by implementing highly cost-effective and structurally feasible passive design solutions. An optimised envelope specification is recommended based on thermal simulation across different building materials, glazing types, and climatic zones.